Before the James Webb Space Telescope, space telescopes have looked back at lights from galaxies that reached a period of no earlier than 400 million years after the big bang. One question that remains unsolved and important even today is what were the first galaxies like when the universe was experiencing a time phase known as the Era of Reionization? NASA’s Webb will help solve this question by both providing image captures of the earliest galaxies and detailed spectroscopy of them in the early universe. By examining Webb’s observations, scientists will be able to know and tell us more about the chemistry and composition of the first galaxies in the early universe.
James Webb will observe the same regions that Hubble observed known as the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
The Next Generation Deep Extragalactic Exploratory Public (NGDEEP) Survey, led by Steven L. Finkelstein (an associate professor at the University of Texas at Austin) will lead NASA’s Webb to observe the same two regions that make up the Hubble Ultra Deep Field which are areas located in the constellation Fornax where Hubble spends 11 days taking deep exposure shots. Hubble targeted these areas of the sky using two instruments known as primary and parallel. The same method applies to Webb according to Steven Finklestein. His team will use two of Webb’s science instruments to see both primary and parallel areas of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. For example, they will use Webb’s Near-Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph on the Primary Hubble Ultra Deep Field, and Webb’s Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) on the parallel field.
Using the NIRCam, they will observe for more than 125 hours. With each minute, they will collect more information from the very deeper aspects of the universe. What will they look for? some of the first galaxies that formed. Finklestein states” We have really good indications from Hubble that there are galaxies in place at a time 400 million years after the Big Bang.” ” The ones we see with Hubble are pretty big and very bright. There are likely smaller, fainter galaxies that formed even earlier that are waiting to be discovered.”
Exploring the metallicity and chemistry of the earliest galaxies in the universe
The team will also focus on recognizing metals in each galaxy (metal is a term in astrophysics that describes an element or elements that are heavier than hydrogen and helium in space), especially in small and faint galaxies that haven’t been fully observed through the use of the level of spectroscopy Webb’s NIRISS instrument provides. through the beginning of the universe, there were only two elements hydrogen and helium. Later, heavier elements formed thanks to successive generations of stars. By cataloging the contents of these galaxies, scientists can precisely plot out the period in which multiple elements existed and come up with updated models that show how the galaxy formed in the early universe.
Webb will use the NIRSpec to study the spectrums of the earliest galaxies
Another NASA’s Webb Program led by Michael Maseda, who is an associate professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, will survey the primary area of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field through the use of the micro shutter array inside Webb’s Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec). This instrument returns spectra of many objects depending on which small shutters researchers open. the team knows these galaxies exist because of many observations they made with an international research team thanks to the Very Large Telescope’s Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) Instrument. NASA’s Webb will be the first telescope to fully reveal more about the chemistry of the earliest galaxies to exist in the early universe.
Credits: NASA, ESA, Anton M. Koekemoer (STScl)
Illustration Credit: Alyssa Pagan (STscl)
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